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Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos (September 12, 1891 – April 21, 1965) born inside Tenerias Village inside Ponce, Puerto Rico was the boy of Alejandro Albizu & Juana Campos. He was too a nephew of Juan Morel Campos, one of Puerto Rico's greatest composers of danzas. Albizu was a leader & president of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party and avid advocate of Puerto Rican independence from the United States by what ever means necessary. Albizu felt that Puerto Rico deserved a equivalent perfect when a United States & more countries experienced to fight for independence.

Called an up-and-coming orator he is known also when El Maestro ("The Teacher").

Education
Inside 1912 Pedro was awarded a scholarship to learn Engineering, specializing in Chemistry at the University of Vermont. Around 1913 he continued his studies at Harvard University.

At a eruption of World War I, Pedro volunteered in the United States Infantry. Albizu was trained per French Military mission and served under General Frank McIntyre where he was assigned to an African-American unit and was freed as a First Lieutenant. When you took this instance he was studied to the racism of a day which left a mark inside his beliefs towards the relationship of Puerto Ricans and the United States.

Within 1919, Albizu returned to Harvard University and was elected president of Harvard's Cosmopolitan Club. He met using foreign students & lecturers, prefer Subhas Chandra Bose (Indian Nationalist leader with Gandhi) and a Hindu poet Rabindranath Tagore. He became concerned in the induced of Indian independence and helped to establish several centers around Boston for Irish independence. He met Eamon de Valera and later became the adviser in the drafting of the constitution of the Irish Free State. He graduated from either Harvard University obtaining a Law degree when well as degrees around Literature, Philosophy, Chemical Engineering and Military Science. He was fluent around English, Spanish, French, German, Portuguese, Italian, Latin and Greek. At a period he received job offers when Hispanic representative for a protestant church, as a legal aide to the U.S. Supreme Court, and in the U.S. State Department's diplomatic corps in Mexico, yet Albizu opted to return to Puerto Rico.

Nationalist Campaign
Within 1919, Jose Coll y Cuchi, a member of a Union Person, felt that the person wasn't doing plenty for a induce of Puerto Rico & he & occasionally followers departed from either a person & formed the Nationalist Association of Puerto Rico around San Juan. When you took that period there were 2 more organizations that were pro-independence, it were a Nationalist Youth & a Independence Association. In September 17, 1922, a trio political oraganizations joined forces & formed the Puerto Rican Nationalist Person. Jose Coll y Cuchi was elective president of the person.

Inside 1922 Albizu married Dr. Laura Meneses, a Peruvian whom he had met at Harvard University. 2 years late around 1924 he joined the Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico and was elected vice president. Around 1927, Albizu travels to Santo Domingo, Haiti, Cuba, Mexico, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela, seeking solidarity for the Puerto Rican Independence movement.

Inside 1930, there were some disagreements between Coll y Cuchi & Campos when to how else a person should become redo. Following Coll y Cuchi abandoned a person & occasionally of his followers returned to the Union Person. In May 11, 1930, Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos was elective president of a Puerto Rican Nationalist Person & formed the foremost Women's Nationalist Committee, in the island municipality of Vieques, Puerto Rico.

Within 1932 Albizu publishes a manuscript where he exposes Doctor Cornelius P. Rhoades. inside the manuscript the doctor admits to killing Puerto Rican patients & injecting numbers of using cancer cells when a share of a health check experimentation conducted in San Juan's Presbyterian Hospital for the Rockefeller Institute. This letter revealed a racist vision that occasionally Americans harbored toward humans of color.

A Nationalist Party obtained unfortunate outcomes in the 1932 election, but continued by owning their campaign to teach & unite the population behind a loose Puerto Rico. At a equivalent instance, continued repression from either a United States against Puerto Rican independence was now met by having armed trend lines.

Inside 1934 Albizu represented sugar cane workers as a lawyer against the U.S. sugar & utilities monopolies.

Around 1935, four Nationalists were flushed per police under the command of Colonel E. Francis Riggs, the incident became known as the Rio Piedras Massacre. A charted month around 1936, nationalists Hiram Rosado and Elias Beauchamp assassinated Colonel Riggs. It were arrested, & summarily executed forgoing a test at the police force headquarters inside San Juan. Pedro Albizu Campos proclaimed them heroes.

San Juan Federal Court ordered a arrest of Pedro Albizu Campos and several more Nationalists for "seditious conspiracy to overthrow the U.S. Government in Puerto Rico." A jury of heptad Puerto Rican & Five Americans voted 7 to 5 acquitted. Judge Cooper known as for the recently jury, this instance using decade Americans & deuce Puerto Ricans & the hangdog finding of fact was achieved. Around 1937, the class action of attorney, including a young Gilberto Concepcion de Gracia tried in vain to defend a Nationalists however, a Boston court of appeals, which holds jurisdiction over federal matters within Puerto Rico, upheld a finding of fact. Pedro Albizu Campos along with more Nationalistic leaders were sent to the Federal pen within Atlanta, Georgia. In March 21, a protest march was held inside Ponce in which police opened fire on the crowd. Twenty-1 unarmed marchers & bystanders also when deuce officer were flushed, & 200 others injured around what has be referred to as a Ponce Massacre. Within 1947 Albizu returned to Puerto Rico and it was believed that he began preparing, along sustaining more members of a Nationalist Person, an armed struggle against the projected plans to vary Puerto Rico's political status into a commonwealth of the United States.

Pedro Albizu Campos would be jailed once more when a uprising of 1950 when a class action of Puerto Rican nationalists staged a rising in the island, called The Jayuya Uprising (El Grito de Jayuya) & which an attack in La Fortaleza (the Puerto Rican governor's mansion) & Blair House, by nationalist Oscar Collazo and Griselio Torresola, where president Harry S. Truman was staying while the White House was being renovated. In a period of the attack on the president, Torresola & police officer, Personal Leslie Coffelt, were flushed. Pedro Albizu Campos was arrested at his home when a brief shoot retired using the police force. Subsequently 3,000 independence supporters were arrested. Around 1951 Pedro Albizu Campos was jailed and sentenced to 80 years within prison.

Albizu was pardoned inside 1953 by then governor Luis Muñoz Marín but a pardon was revoked a below season when the 1954 nationalist attack of the United States House of Representatives, when quatern Puerto Rican Nationalist, led by Lolita Lebron opened fire from a gallery of the Capitol Building around Washington D.C.. Occasionally members of Congress were injured, of these seriously; however there is no 1 was flushed. A shooters did non resist arrest, claiming a action was to attract the world's attention to the United states military occupation of Puerto Rico. Albizu refused to allow a police force to enter his range in San Juan. The gunplay occurred however he was later on laid into custody withwithin an unconscious state & jailed once more at La Princesa in San Juan.

When inside prison, Pedro Albizu Campos' health deteriorated. Within 1956, he suffers a stroke around prison & was transferred to San Juan's Presbyterian Hospital under constabulary guard. He alleged that he was a subject of person radiation experiments around prison. Officials suggested that Albizu was harebrained although others world health organizatiin attended him guess that burns on his skin in which uniform using radiation exposure. In November, 1964 Pedro Albizu Campos was again pardoned by extroverted governor Luis Muñoz Marín. Pedro Albizu Campos died on April 21, 1965.

Around 1994, under the administration of President Bill Clinton the United States Department of Energy disclosed that human radiatiin experimentation was conducted forswearing consent on captive in a period of the 1950's-1970's. These are however indecipherable in case Pedro Albizu Campos was among the cases of such experimentation.

Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos
Dedicated to the memory of the nationalist leader for the independence of Puerto Rico.

Pedro Albizu Campos (1893-1965)
Brief biography and photo gallery of the late Nationalist leader.

100 Years of Don Pedro Albizu Campos
Brief biography and bibliography by José Manuel Torres Santiago, Hunter College, CUNY.


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